[/
 / Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Christopher M. Kohlhoff (chris at kohlhoff dot com)
 /
 / Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 / file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 /]

[section:configuration Runtime Configuration and Concurrency Hints]

Asio provides a number of runtime configuration options that can be used to
fine tune Asio's behaviour, such as enabling or disabling specific
optimisations. The configuration options available are listed in the table
below.

[table
  [[Section][Key][Type][Default][Description]]
  [
    [`scheduler`]
    [`concurrency_hint`]
    [`int`]
    [`0`]
    [
      This is a suggestion to the `io_context` implementation as to the number
      of active threads that should be used for running completion handlers.

      When the Windows I/O completion port backend is in use, this value is
      passed to [^CreateIoCompletionPort].

      When a reactor-based backend is used, the implementation recognises the
      value `1` as an indication that the `io_context` will be run from a
      single thread, and applies several optimisations based on this
      assumption. For example, when a handler is posted from within another
      handler, the new handler is added to a fast thread-local queue (with the
      consequence that the new handler is held back until the currently
      executing handler finishes).

      No matter what value is specified for this configuration option, the
      `io_context` or `thread_pool` still provides full thread safety, and
      distinct I/O objects may be used from any thread.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`scheduler`]
    [`locking`]
    [`bool`]
    [`true`]
    [
      This is used to enable or disable locking in the scheduler, when using a
      reactor-based backend. When set to `false`, this option has the following
      restrictions:

      [mdash] Care must be taken to ensure that all operations on the
      `io_context` and any of its associated I/O objects (such as sockets and
      timers) occur in only one thread at a time.

      [mdash] Asynchronous resolve operations fail with `operation_not_supported`.

      [mdash] If a `signal_set` is used with the `io_context`, `signal_set`
      objects cannot be used with any other io_context in the program.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`scheduler`]
    [`locking_spin_count`]
    [`int`]
    [`0`]
    [
      The number of times to first attempt to acquire the scheduler's internal
      lock without blocking, when using a reactor-based backend.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`scheduler`]
    [`task_usec`]
    [`int`]
    [`-1`]
    [
      The maximum time, in microseconds, that the scheduler will wait for its
      reactor task to complete. A value of `-1` means that no limit is placed
      on this wait time. May be set to `0` to enable CPU-bound spinning.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`scheduler`]
    [`wait_usec`]
    [`int`]
    [`-1`]
    [
      The maximum time, in microseconds, that the scheduler will wait on its
      wake-up event in an idle thread (i.e. a thread that is not otherwise
      executing a handler or waiting on the reactor). A value of `-1` means
      that no limit is placed on this wait time. May be set to `0` to enable
      CPU-bound spinning in an execution context that is being run on multiple
      threads.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`reactor`]
    [`preallocated_io_objects`]
    [`unsigned int`]
    [`0`]
    [
      The number of internal reactor I/O object states to allocate at
      construction.

      The reactor implementation uses per I/O object state to track things like
      the queue of outstanding operations. These state objects are recycled
      once the I/O object is destroyed, but new ones are allocated if there are
      no unused state objects currently available.

      If an upper bound on the number of I/O objects is known at construction
      time, this configuration option can be set to ensure that no allocations
      occur after construction is complete.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`reactor`]
    [`registration_locking`]
    [`bool`]
    [`true`]
    [
      Enables or disables locking in the reactor around I/O object registration
      and deregistration.

      If set to `false`, care must be taken not to concurrently open or close
      I/O objects.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`reactor`]
    [`registration_locking_spin_count`]
    [`int`]
    [`0`]
    [
      The number of times to first attempt to acquire the reactor's lock
      without blocking, when performing I/O object registration or
      deregistration.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`reactor`]
    [`io_locking`]
    [`bool`]
    [`true`]
    [
      Enables or disables per I/O object locking in the reactor

      If set to `false`, care must be taken to ensure that the ['run functions]
      on the `io_context` (i.e. `run`, `run_for`, `run_until`, `run_one`,
      `run_one_for`, `run_one_until`, `poll`, and `poll_one`), and all
      operations on the context's associated I/O objects (such as sockets and
      timers), occur in only one thread at a time.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`reactor`]
    [`io_locking_spin_count`]
    [`int`]
    [`0`]
    [
      The number of times to first attempt to acquire the reactor's per I/O
      object locks without blocking.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`timer`]
    [`heap_reserve`]
    [`unsigned int`]
    [`0`]
    [
      The number of entries to reserve in the internal timer queue's heap.

      If an upper bound on the number of timers is known at construction
      time, this configuration option can be set to ensure that no timer
      allocations occur after construction is complete.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`resolver`]
    [`threads`]
    [`unsigned int`]
    [`0`]
    [
      The number of internal threads to be used for asynchronous name
      resolution.

      If non-zero, the specified number of threads are created when the first
      resolver object is constructed. Otherwise, at most one thread is created
      at the time of the first `async_resolve` call.
    ]
  ]
]

These configuration options are associated with an execution context (such as
[link asio.reference.io_context `io_context`] or [link
asio.reference.thread_pool `thread_pool`]. In order to use non-default values,
a configuration service must be installed into the execution context at
construction. A number of ways to achieve this are illustrated in the sections
below.

[heading Configuration From String]

To read configuration options from a string, construct the execution context
with a [link asio.reference.config_from_string `config_from_string`] object:

    asio::io_context my_io_context{
        asio::config_from_string{
          "scheduler.concurrency_hint=10\n"
          "scheduler.locking=1"}};

Each variable must be on a line of its own, and of the form:

    section.key=value

or, if an optional prefix is specified:

    prefix.section.key=value

Blank lines and lines starting with `#` are ignored. It is also permitted to
include a comment starting with `#` after the value.

[heading Configuration From Environment Variables]

To read configuration options from environment variables, construct the
execution context with a [link asio.reference.config_from_env
`config_from_env`] object:

    asio::io_context my_io_context{
        asio::config_from_env{"my_app"}};

The environment variable names are formed by concatenating the prefix,
section, and key, with underscore as delimiter, and then converting the
resulting string to upper case. For example, given a prefix `"my_app"` and
the `"scheduler"` / `"concurrency_hint" option, the value is read from an
environment variable named `MY_APP_SCHEDULER_CONCURRENCY_HINT`.

[heading Configuration From Concurrency Hint]

For backwards compatibility, the [link asio.reference.io_context.io_context
`io_context` constructor] can be passed a concurrency hint as an integer. This
is used to initialise the configuration options as described in the table
below.

[table
  [[concurrency_hint Value][Effect]]
  [
    [`n`, where `n < 0xFFFF`]
    [
      Equivalent to setting:

      [mdash] `"scheduler"` / `"concurrency_hint"` to `n`.

      [mdash] `"scheduler"` / `"locking"` to `true`.

      [mdash] `"reactor"` / `"registration_locking"` to `true`.

      [mdash] `"reactor"` / `"io_locking"` to `true`.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`ASIO_CONCURRENCY_HINT_UNSAFE`]
    [
      [mdash] `"scheduler"` / `"concurrency_hint"` to `1`.

      [mdash] `"scheduler"` / `"locking"` to `false`.

      [mdash] `"reactor"` / `"registration_locking"` to `false`.

      [mdash] `"reactor"` / `"io_locking"` to `false`.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`ASIO_CONCURRENCY_HINT_UNSAFE_IO`]
    [
      [mdash] `"scheduler"` / `"concurrency_hint"` to `1`.

      [mdash] `"scheduler"` / `"locking"` to `true`.

      [mdash] `"reactor"` / `"registration_locking"` to `true`.

      [mdash] `"reactor"` / `"io_locking"` to `false`.
    ]
  ]
  [
    [`ASIO_CONCURRENCY_HINT_SAFE`]
    [
      [mdash] `"scheduler"` / `"concurrency_hint"` to `0`.

      [mdash] `"scheduler"` / `"locking"` to `true`.

      [mdash] `"reactor"` / `"registration_locking"` to `true`.

      [mdash] `"reactor"` / `"io_locking"` to `true`.
    ]
  ]
]

[teletype]
The concurrency hint used by default-constructed `io_context` objects can be
overridden at compile time by defining the `ASIO_CONCURRENCY_HINT_DEFAULT`
macro. For example, specifying

    -DASIO_CONCURRENCY_HINT_DEFAULT=1

on the compiler command line means that a concurrency hint of `1` is used for
all default-constructed `io_context` objects in the program. Similarly, the
concurrency hint used by `io_context` objects constructed with `1` can be
overridden by defining `ASIO_CONCURRENCY_HINT_1`. For example, passing

    -DASIO_CONCURRENCY_HINT_1=ASIO_CONCURRENCY_HINT_UNSAFE
  
to the compiler will disable thread safety for all of these objects.

[heading Custom Configuration Options]

[c++]
Applications and third-party libraries can utilise the [link
asio.reference.config `config`] class to associate their own configuration
options with an execution context, or to access the configuration options
listed above. The configuration parameters' values are accessed by passing a
section, key and default value to the `get` member function:[br]

    asio::config cfg{ctx};
    bool enable_locking = cfg.get("scheduler", "locking", true);

[endsect]
